In 2020 Anglican bishops from around the world are coming to Canterbury for the great gathering of the Lambeth Conference. A lot of work is even now going on to try to make sure that this meeting is an occasion of mutual encouragement for all these bishops. It is always a positive thing if a Christian leader is allowed time out, with the opportunity to look at the Christian faith from a different cultural perspective. Our British dependence on the English language and a Western world-view through which to apprehend the Christian faith, creates a somewhat narrow perspective. African or Asian perspectives can enrich the outlook of our British bishops just as we hope that the bishops from overseas will take something of our culture back home with them.

Lambeth 2020 should be an outburst of joyful celebration of this diversity of the international Anglican witness to the Christian faith. But there are various clouds that have appeared. In the first place, following the lead taken by the Archbishop of Nigeria, Nicholas Okoh, a contingent of African bishops are declining the invitation to attend. A similar boycott took place at Lambeth 2008. An alternative assembly of Anglicans gathered in Jerusalem to coincide with Lambeth and formed what came to be known as GAFCON (Global Anglican Futures Conference). This was supported by bishops from Africa and Asia and there was considerable practical and financial support from Australia and the States. One English Diocesan, the Bishop of Rochester, supported the event. The issue that was then said to be dividing Anglicans was the failure by many parts of the Communion to adhere to traditional doctrine and Scripture. This was a coded way of saying that some Anglicans did not agree with conservative perspectives on the gay issue. This has long been a key stumbling block across the Anglican world, especially since the consecration of an openly gay Bishop in the States in 2003.

The issue of gay marriage is probably peripheral to the lives of most ordinary lay Anglicans, especially in places like Africa. But it has been made a cause celèbre by Christian leaders across the Anglican world because it is the chosen arena of conflict for the so-called culture wars in the States. Enormous sums of money, much of it provided by wealthy American Right-wing foundations, have been spent on convincing as many as possible across the Christian world that the gay issue is a salvation matter. In summary we could claim that the same energy that is going into supporting the dubious right-wing Christian causes backed by President Trump is being expended on undermining and dividing the Anglican Communion. Anglican leaders are constantly being pressured to agree with conservative views on Scripture.

The dilemma for our Archbishop of Canterbury is acute. One line he might take is to say that Anglican Church is founded on principles that have nothing in common with the crude political theology of the American conservative Right. Anglicanism has always tolerated fundamentalism in its midst but, at the same time, it has always rejected any attempt ever to make this the compulsory option for everyone. Any Anglican appeal to Scripture has always been coupled with a balancing recourse to tradition and reason. Thus, Anglicanism is always open to newness and an evolving articulation of the Christian faith. The GAFCON conservative approach has always wanted to shut down discussion by saying that Scripture is always decisive and clear in its teaching. To deviate in any way from what the conservative leaders declare to be in Scripture is to fall into heresy and error. The matter on the agenda is at present, not the remarriage of divorced people or the ordination of women, but the single matter of gay marriage.

Many liberals in the Church of England have been taken by surprise by the way that this one issue of gay marriage has come to dominate so much discussion over the past 50 years. Far from being a core topic, it simply was not even discussed when I was a student in the 60s. It might have been aired in an ethics lecture, but no one, not even among conservatives, would have elevated it to the level of a doctrine or a salvation issue. It is hard for clergy of my generation to see the debate as anything other than as an attempt by conservative Christians to create divisions as a way of obtaining dominance within the Anglican Communion.

We spoke earlier of the culture wars in the States which have brought together right-wing politicians and fundamentalist Christians in a messy alliance. Happily, the conditions for such an unholy marriage do not exist in this country. Nevertheless, we still see growing confidence of conservative Christians within the Anglican Church. Trumpian politics may have indirectly seeded itself into a growing incivility in the debates between Christians. It used to be said that the Anglican Church was moving to a place of ‘good disagreement’ but this term seems to be becoming redundant. What is left is an increasingly rancorous struggle between ideologies. Lambeth 2020 is likely to be the last such conference if these wounds cannot in any way be healed.

Archbishop Welby is encountering an increasingly bitter rhetoric among some members of the Anglican Communion. He faces threats to the unity of the Communion from two sides. On the one side there are the GAFCON churches of Africa, Asia, Australia and both American continents. His aides will be in constant communication with provinces and dioceses, seeking to encourage their attendance. Then there are dissident bishops and groups within the Church of England itself. We have already noted the letter from eleven bishops which was expressing an identification with the GAFCON position over gay marriage. Only four diocesans signed this letter and so it can be assumed that the majority of the English diocesan bishops still support a broader position. But the problem is not just about bishops and dioceses. GAFCON’s supporters are not to be found in particular dioceses in this country but are located in the powerful and wealthy network of individuals and parishes which count themselves as part of the organisation, REFORM. This is a very conservative bloc within the Church of England which maintains ties with a variety of non-Anglican conservative groupings which use the Anglican label. Most of the clergy in REFORM were nurtured and trained within the same theological and social networks which used to support the disgraced Christian leader, John Smyth. Welby has never been identified with a REFORM label but he will have known many of their supporters through his own Iwerne and Christian Union contacts when a student. It is in fact sometimes quite hard to see ‘clear water’ between the REFORM world typified by St Helen’s Bishopsgate and Welby’s original spiritual home of Holy Trinity Brompton. The Iwerne camps certainly seemed to have endorsed both establishments as ‘sound’ and thus suitable for their ‘campers’.

Archbishop Welby is faced with a difficult problem in planning for Lambeth 2020. He is caught between two expressions of Anglicanism. The one that he has embraced since ordination is what we would describe as a flexible and even liberal version of the Anglican tradition. At the same time he is still the product of a tradition which is inflexible and strongly into intransigent Church politics. The right-wing model of politics in church and state knows only the need to dominate and control. Bodies like GAFCON want to create the whole Communion in their own image – a uniformly monochrome body, affirming the ‘unchangeable’ message of Scripture. The fundamentalism espoused by GAFCON (and the 11 bishops) cannot and will not tolerate differences. The problem for Welby is that, while he can claim to belong to a broader form of Anglicanism today, these older strands of thinking still claim part of his loyalty. His major task must be now to try and reconcile the warring factions which exist in the wider church but these rivalries also struggle inside himself. Can he provide the leadership that will hold things together? Will he be tempted to succumb to the intense lobbying and pressure from his old conservative friends? The battles being fought before and during Lambeth 2020 will define the nature of the Anglican Communion for ever. Will it become more like a conservative right-wing sect as many desire, or, will it be the place of inclusion and generosity which many of us also long for? The stakes are high, and we must pray that Archbishop Welby rises to the challenge of providing the leadership that Anglican Communion needs at this critical time.

I have been reflecting on the nature of human power and the way that for any individual it can be used for good or to create the most tremendous harm. Every child is born into the world with a need to find out who or what she is. Every parent tries to ensure that their offspring each takes possession of the gift of a firm identity or self. The discovery of a core self is never attained in a state of passive ‘niceness’. The child needs the skills of self-assertion – sticking up for the protection of this inner core. Being able to see off a bully -the one who attacks that core self- does not make the assertive child into a bully. It enables her to flourish better. As the child gets older, more and more of the natural abilities and skills that belong to the inner self are revealed. Bullying threatens to interrupt this precious process.

The readiness to stick up for ourselves against bullying, as a way of protecting and preserving our core selves, is something that we applaud. We know in practice how much can go wrong in the journey of growing up. A child can be dragged down by abusive behaviour and this may have the effect of damaging or even destroying the unique giftedness and creativity belonging to that individual. The experience of being bullied can also corrupt the child’s understanding of their inner power so that they become the bully themselves. Many children develop an instinct to understand personal power only as a tool with which to destroy. Smash up what is worthwhile and good because it does not belong to you. Tease and mock the child who has skills you do not possess, especially in the case of boys who practise those interests which are ‘soft’, like ballet or music. In vandalism or an episode of contemptuous mockery, the bully can obtain a fleeting sensation of power and control over what they despise as weak and contemptible.

All of us have witnessed the profound effects of bullying during our lives. We may have been one of the bullies or more probably one of its victims. Among children the effects can be so much more devastating because it is the unformed potential of the child that is under attack even before it has been allowed to show its full potential. In childhood, most bullying is completely invisible to the responsible adults. They just see the demoralised child who is failing to flourish or be happy. Adults cannot understand the evil that is being perpetrated so close to them but is unseen.

When we reflect on bullying and the abuse of human power a which takes place right across society, it is surprising that Christians do not have more to say about it. Outwardly Christians are staunch supporters of doing everything possible to encourage human flourishing in the widest sense. Creativity, joy and human fulfilment are perceived to be far more important than financial success or the rewards of status and power. Helping another person to blossom in some area of their lives is indeed a great source of satisfaction for anyone who tries to practice Christian love and encouragement. Clergy are especially privileged in this area as they try to be alongside individuals as they battle through one or other of life’s crises. To be with someone as they finally emerge from illness or a trial of some kind is a special occasion. Supporting a dying person on their last journey can also be a profound source of great light and joy. This is a paradox and a mystery. The dying person sometimes becomes the one doing the empowering for those left behind.

When bullying takes place in society and sadly in the church, it sadly appears to reflect that many individuals have never been taught to rejoice in the gift of their existence. Instead of being taught and encouraged to enjoy the richness of simply being alive, something has come along which has damaged the art of flourishing that we normally see in very young children. Perversely this failure to rejoice in life itself sometimes leads to a desire to harm the flourishing of others. Both sides are damaged in this process, the bullies and the bullied. It is at this point that the greatest irony occurs in respect of the Church. Not only is this vital topic not discussed but the Church in many places and contexts appears to increase the sum of this human pain. It does this by declaring that certain individuals, lifestyles and ways of life are always unacceptable to God. Good Christian people must continue this perceived divine disapproval and declare that such people have no place among the ‘saved’, the recipients of God’s favour.

This post does not propose here to say more about the topic of discrimination against LGTB individuals even though this group is at the sharp end of exclusion and bullying. My comment here is not to discuss the rights and wrongs of this cause, but merely to draw attention to the obscenity of bullying anyone and trying to drive them from the Christian family. Some weeks ago, I wrote about the Vicky Beeching story as well as the experiences of Jayne Ozanne. At the heart of the stories was the appalling bullying that these women receive. Christians somehow believe that it is their task to bully and use their power to try to seek and destroy another human being. To me such behaviour was and is a veritable blasphemy.

One of the key themes of the Bible, frequently repeated, is that an old order is finished. God himself is coming to inaugurate something new. I believe that the Church should often listen to the words of Isaiah 40 & 41 where it is declared that God is coming to visit his people. The whole passage speaks of joyful newness and hope for the future. The God who summons his people from the ends of the earth and declares new things is not one who singles out small groups to exclude them from his purposes. The message of the Bible is here one of incredible generosity and open-handedness. While there are examples of exclusion in Scripture, as we saw when we critiqued the eleven bishops and their assumptions about marriage in the Bible, there is also a frequent sense of new beginnings. I have preached many sermons on the pithy words of Jesus when he declares that ‘the Kingdom of God is among you’. These words are not the prelude to new pharisaic rules of exclusion and dogma. They are words that invite the hearer to open up to receive something new, powerful and transforming. The word ‘repent’ is an invitation to turn around to receive what is on offer, the flourishing that Jesus speaks of in John’s gospel. ‘I have come that they may have life, life in all its abundance’. In short, the Christian gospel is about human flourishing, the participation in joyous selfhood, one that is transfigured by the glory of God. All of us called to practise the love that makes this flourishing and transformation a reality in ourselves and in others. The kingdom is a place of unimaginable generosity where all find a welcome.

Words are powerful things and the same can be said for pithy two to three word designations of certain phenomena. A week or so ago I came up with the term ‘institutional narcissism.’ I would like to be able to say that I invented the term. The truth is slightly different. Someone else used the expression in an online conversation, without defining precisely what they meant. I went away and thought about the implications of the words and then fitted my thoughts and ideas around its possible meaning. Something similar has happened to me with another expression which has been current for a couple of years in the States. The expression is Religious Trauma Syndrome (RTS).

Why am I attracted to the term which I first met today (Friday)? I find it helpful because without any further explanation it is allowing us to suggest that religion and religious ideas can in some situations cause harm. This is counter-intuitive and it goes against our long-held assumption that religion is inevitably a benign force. As one involved for a long time in the world of religious abuse, I have of course known for a long time that such a notion is a false one. Just because there are examples of truth, goodness and beauty in the religious systems that we encounter in our world, we also have to be armed with the thought that religions can sometimes do harm. RTS helps us to think about it.

The author of the study that gives rise to our helpful descriptive phrase is Dr Marlene Winnell. Much of what I have to say here about RTS is taken straight from an article on the website https://www.rawstory.com. The article contains useful references to earlier literature and articles on this theme. My reading of the first lines of the article hit me with a strong sense of synchronicity when I started to read it on Friday morning. It begins with personal testimony of how the author, seeking help for bulimia from religious leaders, was expected as a teenager to solve the problem with the help of prayer and faith alone. By some extraordinary coincidence I received today a phone call from a woman in the Midlands who had also suffered at the hands of a Pentecostal congregation seeking to ‘heal’ her eating disorder.

Marlene presents us with many examples of the pastoral situations she has dealt with as a counsellor where individuals have been badly affected by damaging or toxic beliefs. We are familiar with all of these from earlier posts. She first focuses on the effect of teachings concerning hell and damnation especially as they impact small children. The film that circulated widely among evangelical believers called Thief in The Night had an enormous effect. Children who watched it would wake in the night screaming because of the raw fear aroused by the themes of the film -Armageddon and damnation. The undeveloped brains of children were not able to process the horrors and the trauma of the film. The effect of having to internalise the message that all the viewers were wicked and destined for hell was highly traumatic.

The long-term message that many children have been left with after a fundamentalist upbringing is to have a profound sense of worthlessness. Being told to obey the will of God at every turn can easily sap any sense of self-determination. The authoritarian culture of many of churches call members into a state of passive acceptance of obedience to what the leaders tell them. At the same time, it is made very hard or impossible to escape the clutches of the group. Leaving an authoritarian group is possible only by paying a very high price, including the loss of family and all other support networks. The mental adjustments needed to escape are also quite difficult to put into effect. As with cultic groups the churches that demand total obedience have created in the followers a rigid system of processing thoughts. It hard to see the world in anything other than binary categories – right-wrong or black-white.

RTS as a concept is helpful to enable us to identify those who emerge from religious groups as suffering from a state quite similar to PTSD. Winnell suggests that a therapist needs to have some insight into the syndrome so that at the very least there is understanding of the kinds of words or situations that can set off painful ‘triggering’. Even more important it is right for the sufferer of RTS to be protected from other well-meaning Christians who may also not understand the nature of the traumas formerly endured. Bible texts may be a long way from what is therapeutically required.

Winnell’s insights into RTS fit well into the assumptions of this blog. Potential harm by religious leaders is not only to be found among those who exploit power to prey sexually and emotionally on followers. A wider problem exists in that there are within the Christian tradition some potentially harmful and damaging ideas. Young adults who self-harm and suffer from chronic depression as the result of a life-time of religious indoctrination and chronic fear are not good advertisements for the religion of Jesus Christ. Tragically it is still considered by some Christians as ‘sound’ to teach the horrors of hell and the need to use violence against even infants. No, we have moved on from a casual acceptance of slavery and the devaluation of women and children precisely because we have come closer to understand the inner essence of Christ’s teaching. It took Christians 1800 years to see that slavery was evil and barbaric and still longer to outlaw the thrashing of children. But we have done these things, bitterly opposed by some Christians, because the law of compassion and love compels us to act in this way. For centuries, women, children and slaves experienced crushing trauma because ‘good’ Christian people were prepared to tolerate this treatment. Today we stand up to oppose all that is cruel and whenever and wherever we encounter trauma being administered in the name of a version of the Christian faith. Surviving Church is proud to be among those who seek to counteract Religious Trauma Syndrome.

Today’s reflection is a comment on a letter sent yesterday on behalf of a group of eleven Church of England evangelical bishops to an Anglican Working Party which is preparing a document Living in Love and Faith (LLF). This is to be the authoritative Anglican statement on sexuality in 2020. The bishops sending the letter self-identify as evangelicals. They consider themselves to be among those who ‘seek afresh to understand biblical truth on contested issues and offer this as public truth for the common good in our pluralist, post-Christendom society.’ These eleven bishops mention with approval the activities of GAFCON. There is a need for unity when ‘recent history tragically demonstrates that introducing changes in teaching and liturgy has consistently divided Anglican globally and within provinces.’ Others may have more insight into the question as to which strand of Anglican evangelicalism these bishops represent. The House of Bishops would number many more self-confessed evangelicals who, for reasons of their own, have not identified with the letter. Whatever group these signatories represent, their aim is clearly to offer to the LLF process an Anglican evangelical perspective, one that is non-negotiable. Many Anglicans who do not agree with them ‘have rejected traditional Christian teaching on human identity, sexuality and marriage.’ They urge those preparing the 2020 statement to maintain the ‘central place of Scripture’. The letter also calls on LLF to reiterate the traditional teaching of the Anglican Communion. There is of course the standard appeal to the 1998 Lambeth resolution 1.10. This is quoted in full to remind the reader that only ‘marriage as a union in a covenant of love marked by exclusivity and life-long commitment’ is to be regarded as the ‘teaching of Scripture’. Anything else will only be tolerated if it is ‘sexually abstinent’.

I found myself reading this letter with growing irritation. It represents an appeal to Scripture and traditional Anglican statements which will only work if the person doing the appealing is not familiar with Scripture. It is, in particular, the assumptions about what Scripture has to say about marriage that caught my attention. We have presented to us in the letter the idea that the Bible has but one model of sex and marriage that is commended by Scripture for all time. If we take the complete Bible as the uniquely inspired word of God, we encounter enormous problems in maintaining that there is this single model for sexual behaviour and marriage. Many of the assumptions about relationships between men and women in the Old Testament are, by today’s standards, criminal and totally unacceptable. Exodus 21 & 22 contains a number of divinely given commands which relate to relationships between the sexes that have been outlawed for centuries. No one for the past two thousand years would tolerate the idea that a man can sell his daughter into slavery. Equally abhorrent is the notion that a girl should be forced to marry her seducer/rapist. The Old Testament kings such as David and Solomon sat very lightly on any notion of monogamy or faithfulness. Israelite soldiers who were victorious in battle were rewarded with ‘plunder’ and that would have included the wholesale rape of captive women. I always wince at the lesson from Isaiah 9 when the joy of God’s presence is compared to the way that men are glad when they share out the spoil. Such spoil would always have included captive women and there would have followed terrible scenes of sexual violence.

Of all the passages in the Bible about sexual relations between men and women, one of the most poignant is the passage connected with the defeat of Midian in Numbers 31. The writer records that God himself commands the division of the spoil and there is specific mention of thirty-two thousand girls who were virgins. We must surmise that these girls were mere children for the most part. After a half share of sheep, cattle and asses was handed over to Yahweh, the rest were divided up among the troops and this included the girls, many of them barely in their teens. It is hard to imagine that gratuitous sexual violence against women of any age helped these troops in the task of creating stable families once back home.

Another story in Scripture which shows religious edicts working against stable family life is in the Book of Ezra. In chapter 10 we have recorded the ‘dismissing’ of the foreign wives of the returning exiles together with their children. What happened to these innocent women and children is not recorded but clearly, they were felt to be expendable. The story reminds us of the story of Hagar who was sent away from Abraham’s household at the insistence of his wife Sarah. Whether or not Hagar survived seems to have been of little concern to Abraham or his wife. Certainly, no blame was attached to either of them for this action.

Sex in the Old Testament thus often involved rape, polygamy and indifference to the fate of women. All these behaviours were expected and to some extent tolerated. None of them fit well in helping men and women discover a form of marriage which is in keeping with our modern ideals, those which involve mutuality and permanence. A chaste picture of one man faithfully married to one woman is hardly the norm that we find in Scripture. The bishops who wrote the letter to LLF are presumably familiar with the pattern of sexual untidiness in the Bible and so, telling people that there is a ‘biblical’ model of monogamy and faithfulness is frankly dishonest. Even if we maintain that rape and sexual violence were not approved of in Israelite society, it is still hard to claim that the ancient Israelite expectations for the marriage relationship have much to offer our modern aspirations. Things do seem to improve by the time of the New Testament, but it is notable that conservative Christians seem today to make very little mention of Jesus’ clear injunctions about divorce. A great deal of energy is expended in condemning same sex marriage, on which Jesus has nothing to say, at the same time ignoring his words on the one area of marriage where he is clear. Too many church leaders, especially in the States, have ‘failed’ in this respect and second and even third marriages are common. They retreat to the convenient moral ‘ideal’ that of insisting all marriages to be between members of the opposite sex.

There is more to be said about why a group of bishops in England should take this position which has the potential to undermine the whole LLF project. I detect that in this stance the bishops are tempted by the reward of being bonded with other Anglican bishops across the world who are uniting in a tribal pact to insist that they alone have the truth in the way they understand the Bible. Strength through being part of the evangelical tribe is maybe what they seek in making this stand. Whether it can serve the cause of truth a completely different matter.

One of the advantages of having had to study the Bible in the original languages is that one can, on occasion, query the English translations. Individual words subtly change their meanings over time and there is always the possibility of gaining brand new insights when the original words behind the translations we have are examined in detail. In saying this I am not expecting every Christian to be knowledgeable in Greek and Hebrew. Nevertheless, I would ask that Christians are always cautious before pronouncing that they know exactly what a word or passage in the Bible means. Translation is always a work in progress and new translations will continue to appear. Any attempt to suggest that we can ever finally know what the Bible is telling us is based in fantasy. The gap between our own age and the world and languages of the Old and New Testaments remains and this will always inhibit complete understanding. We want to understand the words of Scripture, but we are forced to admit that sometimes our comprehension of that meaning is sometimes at best incomplete or approximate.

In thinking about the way words have changed their meanings over the 2-3,000 years since the Bible, I think of those individual words that I used to preach whole sermons about. One of these is the word for spirit or soul. Today when we use the word spirit, we normally think about it as an aspect of our being that lies beyond the physical. The spiritual part of me is that which goes on after physical life ceases. Alternatively, we think or spirit or soul as the inner dimension of our being. The Hebrew writer has a somewhat different take on the words translated spirit. It is the aspect of us that signifies life and physical vitality. Two Hebrew words are translated spirit. One the word ‘nephesh’ means breath, particularly the breath of God. The other ‘ruah’ literally means wind, God’s wind. In the second of the two Genesis creation stories, the earlier one as it happens, God breathes nephesh into the dust of the earth to make man alive. Having nephesh inside one was a signifier of vitality, possessing energy to be alive. The same word is used to describe Elisha taking on the spirit of Elijah. Ruah is the word used when life is returned to the dry bones that Ezekiel saw in his vision. God’s spirit or wind filled those bones and they became alive once more. The spirit of God made human beings fully alive.

It is these Old Testament emphases on life and vitality that we need to have in mind when we seek to understand the stories of Acts about the coming of the Holy Spirit. Over the centuries we have domesticated the Holy Spirit to being something very private and inward. Alternatively, we associate ‘Spirit-filled worship’ with special styles of music to which we may or may not be indifferent. Either way miss the dynamic of power and energy that the Old Testament background suggests to us. Whatever else is implied by the Spirit it seems to embrace the total potential of life in all its fullness. In addition, it is also pointing us to a richer experience of community life than we have ever known. The Bible, in short, is pointing us to those powerful words of Irenaeus – The Glory of God is found in a human being fully alive.

Another word that we have domesticated in the Bible is the word faith. It is a word that in common usage implies an inner activity, that of believing something to be true. The Bible, in contrast sees faith not as looking inwards but as looking outwards. The act of faith is typically seen in Abraham who set out on a journey, ‘not knowing where he was going’. The object of faith was not some abstract belief system or even the existence of God. Faith was the readiness to confront the unknown and venture forward because you believed that God was going ahead and showing individuals and the whole nation the way forward. The revelation of the Biblical God to the Hebrews was that he was alive and active in the events of history.

An individual who had this faith could get up in the morning with the strong sense that God was there, calling him or her to live out that that truth in whatever way they could. The deeper that one engages with life and its challenges, the more opportunity one had of meeting God himself. Thus, one’s religious faith was bound up with the journey and the adventure of living.

This brief examination of two words in their original cultural context helps us to see the wider fuller meaning that each possesses. Two things need to be emphasised here. First, we must not expect the words of the Bible to fit easily into the theological debates that we have today. St Paul did not know the things that now divide Christians. We must always be cautious before claiming that any doctrine is somehow ‘biblical’. Even when there may be a consensus among all Christians about the meaning of a particular passage, the possibilities of finding fresh meanings never end. There is no such thing as a single interpretation of the Bible. There is always more to be revealed.

A second point follows from the first. If a single, once for all, dogmatic interpretation is never appropriate for the understanding of a passage of Scripture, then this also applies to our faith. In short there needs to be a provisionality about the way we express the words that describe our Christian journey. The words of Scripture constantly reveal more of their meaning as we study them in an attitude of expectation. On this blog I have often described the Christian faith as a journey. A journey has as its main feature a state of unknowing about the destination, but it is fuelled by a strong sense of expectation and adventure. The journey of faith which is shrouded by a ‘cloud of unknowing’ is far more exciting and worthwhile than a package tour which has no surprises of any kind. ‘Here we have no abiding city; we seek one to come’. May we travel there enlivened with the spirit of life that God gives us and with the faith that gives us the confidence that he is with us to the end.

One of the disturbing things about the way church sexual abuse survivors are treated is the variety of these responses. Sometimes survivors encounter empathetic understanding from would-be helpers and those who have official responsibilities in this area, such as Diocesan Safeguarding Advisers. On other occasions survivors are firmly, even cruelly, rejected as though they are a nuisance for the church rather than victims of terrible institutional failure. We do find some good responses. The Church at the highest level appears to understand the devastating effects of sexual abuse. Archbishop Welby has made some statements which appear to get to the heart of the issue. He is recorded as saying ‘The victims are the people we care about most. They really, really matter.’ He also spoke of the importance of addressing ‘the whole culture of silencing…. failure to do so is a form of abuse for the second time, as bad if not worse than the first betrayal’.

The choice of the word ‘betrayal’ by the Archbishop to describe the original abuse and the subsequent silencing of victims by church leaders is powerful. Figures of authority in the church, priests, church leaders and even bishops betrayed a victim’s trust and abused him/her. Further damage is caused when these victims fail to be heard by other leaders in the church and this compounds the original abuse. Not only is this rejection cruel and pastorally inept, it also prevents the process of healing from getting under way. Sexual abuse recovery is a process involving hard work on all sides. Dealing with shame and emotional pain can only be done when those involved in the healing process have created acceptance and a safe space in which to explore the original trauma. Perceiving that figures in authority regard you as a nuisance or a threat to the church will create additional stress for the recovering survivor. As Archbishop Welby understood, at least in his quoted words, any experience of being silenced compounds the original experience of abuse.

When Andrew Graystone wrote his pamphlet We Asked For Bread, he carefully recorded the words of nine victims or survivors. Only on occasion did they have positive things to say about the structures of safeguarding and the attempts to help them. I want to assume that there are individuals within the safeguarding systems who do care. Some for reasons of compassion, pastoral sensitivity and conscience do work, as well as they can, with and for survivors. We must try to believe that Archbishop Welby meant what he said when he uttered the words, ‘I regularly meet with survivors of abuse, listen to their stories and (this) reinforces in me my own determination to put their interests first.’

Whatever the words of an Archbishop, the reality on the ground has been a fairly grim one for many survivors. Graystone’s pamphlet records the negative responses, the silence, the avoidance and the sheer cruelty of bishops and others in the hierarchical system of the church who have been confronted with survivors struggling with pain. The overall message from survivors that I have spoken with is that, when given the choice to show compassion and understanding to a survivor or to protect the institution, most of these leaders have chosen the second path.

I have thought long and hard about why any bishop should choose only to protect the institution and, in the process effectively betray a fellow suffering human being. Even if only a single bishop is behaving this way we still need to ask what is going on. As readers of this blog will know, I have long been interested in the phenomenon of narcissistic behaviour. When survivors describe their negative interactions with non-caring bishops and other leaders, I very much sense that their experiences resemble an encounter with an individual exhibiting Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). Those who display this disorder will reveal high levels of self-importance and entitlement with a failure of empathy. Of these qualities, the failure of empathy is the one that causes the greatest pain for survivors. To speak to an individual who is supposed to be the chief pastor and find a complete absence of pastoral caring must be a heavy blow for any survivor.

I have been theorising as to how any bishop could develop the traits that we associate with NPD. Narcissism is a disorder which is commonly encountered in politicians (American presidents!), those involved in the entertainment industry and many members of elite organisations. One form of narcissism is known as Acquired Situational Narcissism (ASN). Classic theories to account for NPD focus on failures in early upbringing. ASN does not require such complicated ideas to explain itself. It theorises that anyone pushed into importance by their status or role can develop the unpleasant traits associated with narcissism. Something similar thing happens to some people who acquire enormous wealth.

In my thinking, I am beginning to glimpse a further sub-division of narcissism. It has my title of Institutional Narcissism. Individuals in a hierarchical institution who achieve status by climbing the ladder of promotion will have a vested interest in preserving the privileges and importance of that entity. Bishops who are officials in the Church of England will naturally have a strong emotional stake in the welfare and reputation of that institution. This will be far more than for a lay member of the same church. Just as politicians and pop stars sometimes exhibit narcissistic traits in and through their importance, so this may be true of bishops. In the church importance is gained, not from public opinion, but simply in view of the hierarchically acquired status. The institution itself has given them their importance. My insight is that some will do a great deal to preserve that status, including showing narcissistic traits to defend themselves and their organisation against anyone, including survivors, who are seen as a threat to their position.

The reported bullying, silencing and even outright dishonesty by some bishops and others towards survivors are not the forms of behaviour that we would associate with a follower of Jesus. When a bishop exhibits such behaviour, we are forced to search for some explanation. I am offering here the hypothesis of what I describe as Institutional Narcissism. Promotion, importance and status have created in certain individuals a distancing from the original impulse or vocation to serve and love. When a church leader abandons love for a defensive narcissism, an evil is created in the heart of the church. This, unless checked and challenged, will gradually destroy the Church’s integrity and its ability to speak to and serve our nation.